perm filename WKSHOP.ABS[NET,KMC] blob
sn#156983 filedate 1975-04-28 generic text, type T, neo UTF8
00100 -MAR-75 17:45:15,2533
00200 Date: 17 MAR 1975 1745-PST
00300 From: SHORTLIFFE
00400 Subject: MYCIN Abstract For General Session
00500 To: KULIKOWSKI
00600 cc: SRIDHARAN, BUCHANAN
00700 - - - -
00800 Kaz,
00900 Here is the MYCIN abstract you requested. I have assumed that the
01000 talk for the General Session should not be too technical and that the sub-
01100 sequent workshop sessions will be a more appropriate forum for us to
01200 describe implementation details. Please let me know if this assumption
01300 is incorrect and I will upgrade the computer science content of the talk
01400 and of this abstract.
01500 Thanks,
01600 Ted
01700
01800 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
01900
02000
02100 Computer-Based Consultations For
02200 Antimicrobial Therapy Selection
02300
02400 AIM General Session
02500 Saturday, June 14, 1975
02600 Edward H. Shortliffe
02700
02800 ABSTRACT
02900 MYCIN is an interactive computer program that uses the clinical
03000 decision criteria of experts to advise physicians who request advice
03100 regarding selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy for hospital
03200 patients with bacterial infections. Since patients with infectious
03300 diseases often require therapy before complete information about the
03400 organism becomes available, infectious disease experts have identified
03500 clinical and historical criteria that aid in the early selection of
03600 antimicrobial therapy. MYCIN gives advice in this area by means of
03700 three subprograms: 1) A Consultation System that uses information
03800 provided by the physician, together with its own knowledge base, to
03900 choose an appropriate drug or combination of drugs; 2) An Explanation
04000 System that understands simple English questions and answers them in
04100 order to justify its decisions or instruct the user; and 3) A
04200 Rule-Acquisition System that acquires decision criteria during
04300 interactions with an expert and codes them for use during future
04400 consultation sessions. A variety of human engineering capabilities
04500 have been included to heighten the program's acceptability to the
04600 physicians who will use it. Early experience indicates that a sample
04700 knowledge base of 200 decision criteria can be used by MYCIN to give
04800 appropriate advice for many patients with bacteremia. The system will
04900 be made available for evaluation in the clinical setting after its
05000 reliability has been shown to approach that of infectious disease
05100 experts.
00100
00200
00300 -------
00400 -MAR-75 10:15:25,1369
00500 Date: 14 MAR 1975 1015-PST
00600 From: BUCHANAN
00700 Subject: DENDRAL ABSTRACT
00800 To: KULIKOWSKI
00900 cc: SRIDHARAN, KING
01000 - - - -
01100 HERE IS THE DENDRAL ABSTRACT:
01200 The objectives of the Heuristic DENDRAL research program are the
01300 development of innovative computer and biochemical analysis
01400 techniques for application in medical research and closely related
01500 aspects of investigative patient care. Our global aim is to apply
01600 the unique analytical capabilities of gas chromatography/mass
01700 spectrometry (GC/MS) with the assistance of data interpreting
01800 computer programs utilizing artificial intelligence techniques, to
01900 investigate the chemical constituents of human body fluids in a
02000 variety of clinical contexts. A set of artificial intelligence
02100 programs interpret data and generate plausible molecular structures.
02200 The most important program is the constrained structure generator,
02300 named CONGEN, which generates molecular structures within structural
02400 limits. These limits (e.g., ring size) are either specified by a
02500 chemist directly or inferred from mass spectrometry data by another
02600 program, named the DENDRAL PLANNER. The problems of organizing and
02700 developing this complex system are common to many knowledge-based
02800 problem solving programs.
02900
03000
03100
03200 -------
03300 -MAR-75 06:52:58,2289
03400 Date: 13 MAR 1975 0652-PST
03500 From: ENGELMORE
03600 Subject: A BLURB FOR YOUR WORKSHOP ANNOUNCEMENT
03700 To: KULIKOWSKI
03800 cc: KING
03900 - - - -
04000 Here is a paragraph, for your workshop prospectus, describing the
04100 objectives of the protein structure elucidation system:
04200
04300 Our general objective is to apply problem solving techniques, which
04400 have emerged from artificial intelligence research, to the well known
04500 "phase problem" of x-ray crystallography, in order to determine the
04600 three-dimensional structures of proteins. The work is intended to be
04700 of practical as well as theoretical value to both computer science
04800 (particular AI research) and protein crystallography. Viewed as an
04900 AI problem, our objectives are:
05000
05100 1. To discover from expert protein crystallographers the knowledge
05200 and heuristics which could be used to infer the tertiary
05300 structure of proteins from x-ray crystallographic data, and to
05400 formalize this expertise in appropriate data structures and
05500 heuristic procedures.
05600
05700 2. To discover a program organization and a set of representations
05800 which will allow the knowledge and the heuristics to cooperate
05900 in making the search efficient, i.e., generating plausible
06000 candidates in a reasonable time.
06100
06200 3. To implement the above in a system of computer programs, the
06300 competence of which will have a noticeable impact upon the
06400 discipline of protein crystallography.
06500
06600 As a research task in protein crystallography, the objective is to
06700 develop a computational system which can infer the tertiary structure
06800 of a protein molecule in the absence of phase information normally
06900 obtained from multiple isomorphous replacement procedures. Although
07000 the overall task is long-term, it is organized in an incremental
07100 fashion, so that significant intermediate goals can be realized along
07200 the way toward a complete solution. A definition of these
07300 intermediate goals and a status report on their current levels of
07400 achievement will be presented.
07500
07600
07700 Let me know if you had something esle in mind. Bob
07800 -------
07900 -APR-75 08:03:37,2746
08000 Date: 10 APR 1975 0803-PST
08100 From: SRIDHARAN
08200 Subject: MODEL BASED DECISION MAKING
08300 - - - -
00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600 Causal-Associational Networks ←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←← ←←←←←←←←
00700
00800 and Other Model-Based Approaches to Medical Decision-Making←←← ←←←←← ←←←←←←←←←←← ←←←←←←←←←← ←← ←←←←←←← ←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←
00900
01000 Casimir A. Kulikowski
01100
01200
01300 Abstract
01400
01500
01600
01700
01800 The effectiveness and acceptability of computer
01900 consultation systems depends, not only on their accuracy and
02000 versatility, but also on the degree to which their structure
02100 can be improved and updated by medical experts to
02200 incorporate the latest research findings. To cast the
02300 wealth of semantic information in any medical domain into a
02400 uniform computer representation restricts a program to a
02500 limited class of decision procedures. This is usually
02600 efficient if a single type of problem, such as screening,
02700 diagnostic simulation, prognosis, therapy selection or
02800 teaching, is to be carried out. In consultation, where all
02900 these tasks must often be accomplished, a multiplicity of
03000 representations and reasoning strategies is required.
03100
03200 We have developed a multi-level modeling approach to ←←←←←←←←←←← ←←←←←←←←
03300 the design of medical consultation systems. The
03400 CASNET(Causal Associational NETwork) model is a first
03500 attempt at representing processes of dysfunction in terms of
03600 underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The model
03700 consists of four principal types of elements: the findings
03800 of the patient, which comprise signs, symptoms and test
03900 results; the pathophysiological states that directly explain
04000 the findings (if these are known); the structured hypotheses
04100 of disease states that can be described by various
04200 configurations of pathophysiological states generated from
04300 the semantic rules linking these states; the therapeutic
04400 actions which attempt to counteract various aspects of the
04500 disease or its component states. In glaucoma we have used
04600 different pathways through a causal network of
04700 pathophysiological states to characterize distinct
04800 mechanisms of the disease. Each pathophysiological state is
04900 probabilisticallyassociated with the findings that
05000 constitute direct evidence for the presence of the state.
05100
05200 The decision procedures allow for multiple modes of
05300 reasoning, for interpretation of findings, diagnostic
05400 decision-making, prognostic prediction, therapy selection
05500 and explanation of the model in terms of tracings of
05600 reasoning and supportive references from research.
00100
00200 -------
00300 -APR-75 07:28:14,2091
00400 Date: 12 APR 1975 0728-PST
00500 From: WIPKE
00600 Subject: SECS ABSTRACT FOR AIM WORKSHOP
00700 To: KULIKOWSKI
00800 cc: SRIDHARAN, FRIEDLAND
00900 - - - -
01000 ABSTRACT FOR SIMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL SYNTHESES
01100 S E C S
01200
01300 W. TODD WIPKE, PRINCETON
01400
01500 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF HOW DRUG
01600 STRUCTURE IS RELATED TO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY DEPENDS UPON
01700 THE CHEMIST'S ABILITY TO SYNTHESIZE NEW MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND
01800 TO MODIFY EXISTING OR NATURALLY OCCURING ONES. DEVELOPING A SYNTHESIS
01900 REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS, KNOWLEDGE OF HOW
02000 STRUCTURE AFFECTS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, AND A CAPABILITY FOR STRATEGIC
02100 PLANNING IN A GLOBAL SENSE IN ORDER TO GUIDE SEARCH TOWARD THE GOAL.
02200 SECS IS AN INTERACTIVE PROGRAM FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED PLANNING OF ORGANIC
02300 SYNTHESES. WE HAVE FOCUSED ON MAKING SECS VERY KNOWEDGEABLE ABOUT CHEMICAL
02400 TRANSFORMS AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES, LETTING THE CHEMIST DO THE MAJORITY OF
02500 SEARCH DIRECTION INTERACTIVELY. CHEMISTS PREFER THIS MODE OF OPERATION
02600 BECAUSE THEY CAN CONTROL SEARCH TO SUIT THEIR NEEDS
02700 AND DESIRES WHICH ONLY THEY KNOW.
02800
02900 EVEN AT THIS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, SECS HAS ALREADY BEEN FOUND TO BE
03000 A VALUABLE AID IN PLANNING SYNTHESES OF PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRIALLY.
03100 EXTENSION OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE IS EASILY ACCOMPLISHED BY SYNTHETIC
03200 CHEMISTS, BECAUSE THE KNOWLEDGE IS DESCRIBED IN "ALCHEM", AN ENGLISH
03300 LIKE LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHEMICAL
03400 ENVIRONMENT. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE CERTAIN CHEMICAL QUESTIONS
03500 SECS BUILDS ITS OWN THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE MOLECULE AND USES
03600 THIS MODEL THEN EVALUATES THE QUESTION IN TERMS OF THE MODEL. SECS ALSO
03700 BUILDS A MODEL OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE MOLECULE IN ORDER
03800 TO EVALUATE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. CURRENT WORK IS CENTERED ON UTILIZING
03900 THESE MODELS TO DEVELOP ADVANCED STRATEGIES. THE PRESENTATION WILL
04000 REVIEW ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THIS FIELD AND DISCUSS THE FUTURE IN TERMS OF
04100 LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS AS WELL AS EXPECTED CAPABILITIES.
04200 -------